Joe Rogan Experience Podcast #1306. Rees, B. J., Marchant, A., and Zuccarello, G. C. (2004). doi: 10.33585/cmy.60202, Borovika, J., Obornk, M., Stbrn, J., Noordeloos, M. E., Parra Snchez, L. A., and Gryndler, M. (2015). Three classifications have been proposed for the division of Psilocybe into subgenera (Guzmn, 1978; Singer, 1986; Noordeloos, 2011). A. Gartz, J. and can appear at any time of year provided the ground is not frozen. Pharmacol. One other obvious difference between fungi in these two genera can be seen provided you have access to a high-powered microscope: you will see that the spores of Panaeolus fungi are smooth while those of Panaeolinus are minutely roughened. nov. (Pluteus sect. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Res. (2020) placed Panaeolus in incertae sedis, a taxonomic group reserved for taxons where broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Psilocybin : magic mushroom growers guide, in A handbook for psilocybin enthusiasts (San Francisco: Quick American Pub), 181. semiovatus, P . Allen, J. W. (2012). Compl. doi: 10.5248/119.65. Mycologia76 (3): 55154. et Weeks]tropical panaeolus. Rogan, J. Redhead, S. A., and Guzmn, G. (1985). 1969. There is evidence that children can become ill after eating these little brown mushrooms, and so on a precautionary basis at least they should be treated as toxic toadstools and not gathered for eating. (2014). Similar to Panaeolina foenisecii. Copelandia cyanescens(Berk. Mycologia 107, 12051220. Brittonia 39:25. doi: 10.2307/2806968, Hanks, J. Recently, Plu. amzn_assoc_tracking_id = "dmgbiz-20"; Planta Med. campanulatus, Pan. Type studies in five species of Psilocybe (Agaricales, basidiomycota). Environ. Morphological characteristics of Psilocybe species often include bluing, indicative of the presence of psilocybin, for example, recently described in Psilocybe chuxiongensis, Psi. In ancient China, it was calledhsiao-chn, which has the same meaning. Panaeolus olivaceus: Identification, Potency, Effects, Dosage & Look Alikes Pragae, Ser. Mm. Evol. It is sometimes mistaken for the psychedelic Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus both of which share the same habitat and can be differentiated by their jet black spores. Found in tropical regions of Hawaii, central Africa, and Cambodia (cf. It is not chemically related to either MDMA or other stimulants. A mushroom can be seen sprouting from between his hooves. Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Redhead, S. A., Johnson, J. E., James, T. Y., Aime, M. C., et al. Psilocybin and psilocin are commonly found in Gymnopilus species (Andersson et al., 2009). paucicystidiatus (Menolli et al., 2015) and a further 12 species were sequenced for the ITS and tef1 gene regions (Justo et al., 2014). Panaeolus semiovatus: The Ultimate Mushroom Guide A Panaeolus poisoning in scotland. Psychedelic mushrooms are often small, indistinct, brown to white mushrooms that, usually but not always, bruise bluish to black when the tissue is cut or damaged (Guzmn, 2008). Rodriguez, O., Galva-Corona, A., Villalobos-Arambula, A., Vargas, G., and Guzmn-Dvalos, L. (2008). (Photographed near the Externsteine, a series of standing stones), Panaeolus papilionaceus(Bull. However, there have been occasional reports of hallucinations in children who have grazed on these mushrooms, suggesting that at least some . The Turf Mottlegill, has a dark-brown cap when wet and dries out to become mid brown. Panaeolus africanus, psychoactive. Forensic Sci. Mycotaxon 119, 6581. Note the black spores. Cheilocystidia 2565 x 7.510 m; cylindric to sublageniform; flexuous; with subclavate to subcapitate apices; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Contains 0.55 to 0.6%psilocybinand psilocin (Merlin and Allen 1993). Mycotaxon 129, 215222. (1879). doi: 10.1127/0029-5035/2008/0087-0001. Med. semiovatus, also known as Panaeolus semiovatus and Anellaria separata, is a medium-sized buff-colored mushroom/toadstool that grows on horse dung, and has black spores. The gills of Pa It has been found in central Africa and southern Sudan. Neuropharmacology 142, 143166. 18, 805831. This small, reddish to brown-black mushroom (cap 2 to 4 cm across) thrives in grassy forest areas. F. Mycol. Since then more species have been transferred to Deconica and multiple gene regions have supported the positions of the two genera, including nLSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and rpb1 (Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013b). 1969. The need for reviews and . doi: 10.1201/9780429061653-11, Guzmn, G. (2012). (PDF) Panaeolus Subfirmus (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), a Species New acuminatus, Pan. He found high concentrations of psilocin in the fruiting bodies and only slight quantities ofpsilocybin(Heim et al. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1117018109, Senn-Irlet, B., Nyffenegger, A., and Brenneisen, R. (1999). doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d150202, Khan, J., Kiran, M., Jabeen, S., Sher, H., and Khalid, A. N. (2017). antillarum, Pan. fimicola, Pan. Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development of Western Australia (DPIRD), Australia. J. Med. This fungal ambrosia later became the sacrament of the Eleusinian and Orphic mysteries. Privacy Policy. . The genus Psilocybe. Panaeolus semiovatus is also native to North America, where it is equally plentiful. semiglobata, the Dung Roundhead, is more spherical, has a Vet. It is possible that it was used as an additive to themeadorbeerof the Germanic peoples. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Qul. Beitrge zur Kenntnis der Pilze Mitteleuropas3:22934. Panaeolus - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia thaicordispora, Psi. Panaeolus antillarum is a small-medium sized mushroom with a bell-shaped cap on a long and relatively thin stem. 48, 909921. retirugis, Pan. Mycotaxon 96, 3139. It is widely distributed and is present in many temperate zones of the world. Prog. Cap: 4-10cm in diameter. Mushrooms are described as little brown mushrooms (LBMs) or little white mushrooms (LWMs) (Li et al., 2014; Dalefield, 2017) with a viscid cap when moist, an dark to purplish black coloured spores (Arora, 1986) and a dark purple-brown spore print (Estrada et al., 2020). sphinctrinus(Fries) Bres. Hallucinogenic mushrooms on the German market - Simple instructions for examination and identification. (2019). I found an old book in a libary that said it was the one used by the Aztecs as a hallucinagen. (2020). The gills are adnexed, being wider in the middle, and narrowing at both ends, they are brown to black. The result is that one finds many specimens in the process of transforming their colors, with different tones in distinct areas. Environ. Psilocybin mushrooms of the world. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version. The Guide to N. American Mushrooms doesn't list its edibility status. It produces strong feelings of euphoria with visual and auditory hallucinations that may last as long as seven hours. Hatfield, G., and Valdes, L. (1978). The very similar Panaeolus semiovatus var. Panaeolus alcidis, a new species from Scandinavia and Canada. Subbalteatus, and Pan. Separating this Panaeolus from other members of the same genus is very straightforward, because this is the only common member of the clan that has a stem ring. He et al. Sacc. doi: 10.1007/s11557-019-01490-6. Drosophila foenisecii (Pers.) I believe Mushrooms are the best kept secret when it comes to health and well being. Additionally healing-mushrooms.net is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Taxon 69, 425447. (2003). and Panaeolus in Yunnan, Southwest China, with notes on related genus Protostropharia. Toxicol. Phylogenetic relationship of psychoactive fungi based on rRNA gene for a large subunit and their identification using the TaqMan assay (II). Canadian Journal of Research12:65760. Thomas et al. Though nonpoisonous, it is generally regarded as inedible, and a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. Rev. Psilocybe are regularly found in substrates such as soil, dung, wood, and mosses (Stamets, 1996). The genus is characterised by dry, reddish-brown to rusty orange or yellow fruiting bodies that are medium to large and have a well-developed veil (Stamets, 1996). Genome 62, 160169. doi: 10.11646/PHYTOTAXA.312.1.4, Kinge, T. R., Goldman, G., Jacobs, A., Ndiritu, G. G., and Gryzenhout, M. (2020). Annulate Pluteus species, a study of the genus Chamaeota in the United States. Phylogenet. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035. PLeurocystidia not found. Panaeolus is a genus of small, blackspored, saprotrophic agarics. An Overview on the Taxonomy, Phylogenetics and Ecology of the The genus Pluteus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales, Pluteaceae) from Republic of So Tom and Prncipe, West Africa. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.001. Cookie Notice A Finnish sample was found to containpsilocybin. The latter is distinguished by a rust-brown to the gray-brown, nonviscid cap, lack of annulus, and a . Psilocin, psilocybin, serotonin and urea inPanaeolus cyanescensfrom various origins. The basionym of this mushroom dates from 1798 when it was described scientifically by British naturalist James Sowerby (1757 - 1822), who gave it the binomial name Agaricus semiovatus. Pip-shaped, smooth, 16-20 x 10-12m, with an off-centre germ pore. Review of Mycology33:28490. Mycotaxon 6, 464476. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA sequence data and psychedelic species in Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, as well as similar looking genera that could be harmful. Its common names are the shiny mottlegill, or egghead mottlegill. This species was described in 1800 by Christiaan Hendrick Persoon, who named it Agaricus panaeolinia. alcis, Pan. (1987). Agricault. (PDF) PANAEOLUS (AGARICALES) from WESTERN PARAN STATE - ResearchGate Nevertheless, according to all reported experiences, the effects ofPanaeolus subbalteatusdiffer from the effects of mushrooms that contain onlypsilocybin; they are more empathogenic and aphrodisiac and yet still visionary. salicinus (Gartz, 1987; Wurst et al., 2002; Strbrn et al., 2003; Andersson et al., 2009). olivaceus occupies a kind of middle ground in that some specimens . amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; Goldman, G. B., and Gryzenhout, M. (2019). Holec, J. The company is called Noomadic Herbals, my favorite supplement they make is called "Mushroom Total". Panaeolus anomalus(Murr.) Weeks, R. Arnold, Rolf Singer, and William Lee Hearn. Panaeolus (Fr.) Shiny Mottlegill (Panaeolus semiovatus) iNaturalist Synonyms of Panaeolus semiovatus include Agaricus separatus L., Agaricus ciliaris Bolton, Agaricus semiovatus Sowerby, Coprinus ciliatus (Bolton) Gray, Coprinus semiovatus (Sowerby) Gray, Panaeolus separatus L.) Gillet, Anellaria separata ( L.) P. Gymnopilus dunensis, a new species from Punjab province, Pakistan. Appl. retirugis, Pan. and crowded. United Kingdom and some other European countries, and South Africa. Badham, E. R. (1984). thaiaerugineomaculans, Psi. The blue stains result from an oxidative reaction when psilocybin is exposed to oxygen (Lenz et al., 2020). Subgenus Pluteus possesses metuloid pleurocystidia, a pilepellis as a cutis; Hispidoderma have non-metuloid pleurocystidia and a pileipellis composed of elongated elements organised as a cutis, and an hymeniderm or a trichoderm; and Celluloderma have non-metuloid pleurocystidia and a pileipellis composed of short, clavate or spheropedunculate elements organised as an hymeniderm, with transitions to an epithelium (Singer, 1958; Shaffer and Singer, 1976). Other characteristics include a separable gelatinous pellicle, fringed whitish gill edges, and typically collyboid or mycenoid aspects (Stamets, 1996; Ramrez-Cruz et al., 2013b). (2020). Proposal to Conserve the Name Psilocybe (Basidiomycota) with a Conserved Type. Phytotaxa 188, 7890. (2008). Attachment adnate to uncinate, close, slightly swollen in the centre, and with three tiers of intermediate gills inserted. Norw. et Br.) For example, in South Africa, few psychedelics have been described in previous field guides and checklists (Kinge et al., 2020), with better inclusion only achieved recently (Van der Walt et al., 2020; Gryzenhout, 2021). Panaeolus foenisecii(Fries) Khner [syn. Acta Musei Natl. Acta Botanica Mex. Know anything about it? (A) Psilocybe semilanceata, (B) Psilocybe chuxiongensis, (C) psychedelic Psilocybe stuntzii (white arrow), growing across a deadly poisonous mushroom, Galerina autumnalis (black arrow) (Stamets, 1996), (D) Panaeolus cyanescens, (E) the most novel species, Panaeolus axfordii, (F) unidentified Psathyrella, (G) Pluteus cervinus, (H) Pluteus cyanopus, and (I) Pluteus salicinus, showing bluing (white arrow), (J) Gymnopilus liquiritiae, (K) Armillaria mellea, morphologically similar to G. spectabilis (L). Species recognition in Pluteus and Volvopluteus (Pluteaceae, Agaricales): morphology, geography and phylogeny. Very high dosages can result in loss of muscle control. Wallingford: CAB International. The information found on healing-mushrooms.net is strictly the author expressing an opinion. J. Bot. Panaeolus is a mushroom genus containing psychoactive species, worldwide distributed, commonly found in fields, pastures, gardens or in herbivore faeces. Brodie, H. J. Multiple origins of sequestrate fungi related to Cortinarius (Cortinariaceae). Czech Mycol. Gerhardt, E. (1996). Although it is edible, common and has a widespread distribution it is not usually eaten as does not have a pleasant taste. . Travel Med. Phylogenetics of gene sequences have described the newest species of Psilocybe. Comptes Rendus de lAcadmie des Sciences267:136972. amzn_assoc_search_bar = "true"; LSU sequence data confirmed the genus to be monophyletic (Moncalvo et al., 2002). Regarded as a synonym forPanaeolus subbalteatus. Ramrez-Cruz, V., Guzmn, G., Villalobos-Armbula, A. R., Rodrguez, A., Matheny, P. B., Snchez-Garca, M., et al. New York, NY: LIS Publications. Wesselink (2018) used this region to convey its accuracy identification of psychedelic mushrooms in forensic settings. doi: 10.1093/jtm/tax068, Gartz, J. Psychedelic mushrooms, also referred to as hallucinogenic mushrooms (Nichols, 2016), are the most widely used natural hallucinogen in the world due to their wide geographical distribution and easy cultivation (Stafford, 2013). (2020). 1976. 10:281. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.51613.1, Menolli, N., Asai, T., Capelari, M., and NelsonMenolli, M. (2010). (1998). In a study of sequestrate fungi in the Cortinariaceae using the ITS region, three species of Gymnopilus (G. sapineus, G. penetrans, and G. spectabilis) were used as an outgroup (Peintner et al., 2001). Gryzenhout, M. (2021). Afr. Based on DNA sequence comparisons Gymnopilus is currently characterised under the Hymenogastraceae (Kalichman et al., 2020). cambodginiensis, Pan. Mycologia 77:172. doi: 10.2307/3793267, Redhead, S. A., Moncalvo, J.-M., Vilgalys, R., Matheny, P. B., and Guzmn, L. Guzmn-Dvalos. Cox, Paul Allen. 13, 101106. la Soc. Copelandia cyanescens(Berk. semiovatus (Sowerby) S. Lundell & Nannf: An talya, Manavgat, Sarin V illage, 30.10.2009. Available online at: https://mushroomobserver.org/ [Accessed October 7, 2021]. Necopinatus, and Plu. Psilocin and Psilocibin Contents of Some Panaeolus spp. Growing in Razaq, A., Khalid, A. N., and Illyas, S. (2012). (2016). See also the entries forPanaeolus cyanescensandPanaeouls subbalteatus. (2014). Claviceps purpurea) with the wordmykon(mushroom). ), The generic name Panaeolus means variegated - a reference to the mottling on the gills - while the specific epithet semiovatus means 'half an egg', so Egghead Mottlegill seems appropriate but perhaps Half-an-Egghead Mottlegill would have been even better. 1992. This division of Pluteus was supported with DNA sequences of the nLSU, nSSU and ITS regions (Shaffer and Singer, 1976; Justo et al., 2011a). Phytotaxa 284, 181193. I've seen the drug "A-2" a few times with somewhat different descriptions. Fungal Divers 64, 123131. (1996). (1987). PLoS One 8:62419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062419, Oss, O. T., and Oeric, O. N. (1991). 2021:9. doi: 10.1108/OXAN-DB260709, Passie, T., Seifert, J., Schneider, U., and Emrich, H. M. (2002). (V oucher specimens are deposited at the related University Herbariums of the . Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. (2018). Is Panaeolus Semiovatus psychoactive? Taxonomic history and synonym information on these pages is drawn from many sources but in particular from the British Mycological Society's GB Checklist of Fungi. Consumption of the mushroom was known to result in excessive laughter (Li 1975, 175*). doi: 10.1055/S-2006-962710. (Agaricomycetideae) from Mexico. 115, 120. Artic. semiovatus, also known as Panaeolus semiovatus and Anellaria separata, is a medium-sized buff-colored mushroom/toadstool that grows on horse dung, and has black spores.Though nonpoisonous, it is generally regarded as inedible, and a few people experience gastric upset after consumption. Regional field guides and checklists are regularly consulted for more identification characteristics but, few dedicated guides exist to aid in the identification of psychedelic mushrooms (Gartz, 1996; Stamets, 1996). 21:7. However, they can be distinguished by their black spores. For any party involved in research or products of research on these fungi and their metabolites and the public, identifying these often similarly looking, inconspicuous mushrooms are a challenge. J. Psychiatry 177, 391410. Although the lower two-thirds of the stipe is the same colour as as the cap, the colour becomes noticeably paler towards the apex. doi: 10.1080/1355621021000005937, Peintner, U., Bougher, N. L., Castellano, M. A., Moncalvo, J. M., Moser, M. M., Trappe, J. M., et al. Panaeolus antillarum and P. papilionaceus var.. Pan. Several members of this genus are known to contain psilocin and psilocybin and it is suspected that a number of . Gymnopilusspp.). Mycotaxon 3, 179193. 1996 syn. doi: 10.1002/anie.201910175, Li, S., Ma, Q.-B., Tian, C., Ge, H.-X., Liang, Y., Guo, Z.-G., et al. doi: 10.1007/s11557-010-0716-z, Justo, A., Vizzini, A., Minnis, A. M., Menolli, N., Capelari, M., Rodrguez, O., et al. Medicina 41, 10671070. cyanescens have genome sequences available (NCBI, 2021). The genus was formerly recognised by Singer (1949) in the Coprinaceae, but then transferred to the Strophariaceae based on basidiospore pigmentation and the presence of chrysocystidia (Kuihner, 1980) and DNA sequences of the nLSU (Hopple and Vilgalys, 1999). The genus is known for edible species, including Pluteus cervinus (Halling et al., 1987; Ishaq et al., 2021). Coprophilic fungi | Project Noah Panaeolus acuminatus. MycoKeys 63, 148. Linn. One genome has been published of Pluteus cervinus (Araujo and Sampaio-Maia, 2018). Strophariaceae s.l. Les Hymenomycetes agaricoides. Beyond cannabis: psychedelic decriminalization and social justice. Panaeolus Cyanescens: The Psychedelic Blue Meanies Mushroom 1966. Images obtained from Mushroom Observer (2021). Hallucinogenic mushrooms. A. Stalpers; CABI, 2008, British Mycological Society (2010). DS researched and wrote the manuscript. Hemispherical in shape and very convex - giving a bell shape appearance. Nat. A taxonomic and physiological study of the genusPanaeoluswith the Latin descriptions of the new species. Journal of Natural Products42 (5): 46974. Rogan, J. The most frequently sequenced region of DNA used for these genera is the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region (approximately 500800 bp), which forms a part of the ribosomal operon (Schoch et al., 2012; Badotti et al., 2017). Mycotoxins and Mushrooms. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The statements made on healing-mushrooms.net have NOT been evaluated by the FDA. 1990, 95**). Macroscopically, this species resembles Panaeolus semiovatus var. Investigation and analysis of 102 mushroom poisoning cases in Southern China from 1994 to 2012. Int. Quel (1872). et Br.) moellerianus, Pan. The cap is up to 8cm across, dark buff to white, parabolic to nearly convex in maturity. Panaeolina foenisecii(Pers. In Java, it may possibly have a long tradition of use as a ritual drug. Treading the fine line between small-statured Gymnopilus and excentrically stipitate Galerina species in Australia. In traditional classifications, Gymnopilus was placed in the Cortinariaceae based on the ornamentation and lack of germinal pores of the basidiospores (Shaffer and Singer, 1976). cyanopus, Plu. To support his hypothesis, he cited a number of myths and works of art, including an Attic vase that depicts Nessus, the centaur. (Actually some specimens, like the one pictured below, constutute much more than half an egg!). (2007). Phytotaxa 428, 5159. Econ. Analyse der Indolderivate in Fruchtkrpern und Mycelien vonPanaeolus subbalteatus(Berk. Psilocybe chuxiongensis, a new bluing species from subtropical China. It is sticky when wet, and often wrinkles when dry. Panaeolus africanus - Wikipedia Bibl. F1000 Res. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. 74, 1439. The thin rather brittle cap flesh is off-white. 10, 153158. Der falsche Pilz der Gtter. Microscopic characteristics include spores with an apical germ pore and a cellular pileipellis (Quel, 1872; Qulet, 1872). An additional characteristic for identification involve the fading of spore colour in concentrated sulphuric acid. Pan. Stafford, P. (2013). Panaeolus subbalteatuscontains approximately 0.7%psilocybinand 0.46% baeocystin along with large amounts of serotonin and 5-hydroxytryptophan, but it does not contain psilocin (Gartz 1989). Panaeolus semiovatus var. Panaeolus semiovatus var. Singer, R. (1986). The products recommended on healing-mushrooms.net are not verified by the FDA to treat, cure or prevent any disease. Mycologist 13, 176179. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. 100, 79106. Berlin: VWB. Res. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA. 60, 173192. J. Their existence played a substantial role in defining the psychedelic era of the 1960s and 1970s, and psychedelic cultural customs remain in places where magic mushrooms remain legal, such as the Bahamas, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Nepal, Netherlands, and Samoa (Flaherty et al., 2017; Duneman, 2021). Questionable. Its common names are the shiny mottlegill, or egghead mottlegill. (2006). Bull. BMC Psychiatry 19:113. Hemispherical in shape and very convex giving a bell shape appearance. Panaeolus cinctulus or Panaeolus olivaceus. (2010). Available online at: https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/psilocybin-legal-therapy-mdma-753946/ [Accessed November 17, 2020]. The caps and stems of some species may bruise a greenish-blue, similar to that of a human bruise, when the mushroom is damaged, aged or drying indicating the presence of psychedelic compounds (Lenz et al., 2020). foenisecii, Pan. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Fungi and Lichens of the Limpopo Valley & Mapungubwe National Park. Received: 12 November 2021; Accepted: 07 April 2022;Published: 23 May 2022. (1889), Photo 1 - Author: Alan Rockefeller (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 2 - Author: Strobilomyces (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Generic, 2.0 Generic and 1.0 Generic), Photo 3 - Author: Jerzy Opioa (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Photo 4 - Author: Axel Ruiz (Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International), Panaeolina foenisecii Mushroom Identification, Panaeolina foenisecii Taxonomy and Etymology. Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa.